Table 5 Material properties in FEM model.

Elastic modulus of concrete (MPa)

30,628

26,890

26,200

Density of concrete (kg/m³)

2215

2081

2089

Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/m/°C)

7.965 × 10⁻⁶

7.630 × 10⁻⁶

7.630 × 10⁻⁶

Poisson’s ratio

0.2

0.2

0.2

Elastic modulus of subgrade (MPa)

724

724

724

Spring constant for load transfer (kN/m)

 Trans. joint X

1.75 × 10³

1.75 × 10³

–

 Trans. joint Y

1.75 × 10³

1.75 × 10³

–

 Trans. joint Z

1.75 × 10⁴

1.75 × 10⁵

–

 Long. joint X

1.75 × 10³

–

1.75 × 10³

 Long. joint Y

1.75 × 10³

–

1.75 × 10³

 Long. joint Z

1.75 × 10⁵

–

1.75 × 10⁴