Table 1 Material properties.

Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (Type II), density: 3.15 g/cm³, fineness: 3770 cm²/g

Fly-ash (used for NCC and FRCCs)

Class-F type, density: 2.30 g/cm³, fineness: 3228 cm²/g

River sand (used for NHC)

Density: 2.54 g/cm³, absorption ratio: 1.01%

Silica sand (used for NCC and FRCCs)

Density: 2.64 g/cm³, absorption ratio: 0.38%, class-7

Crushed coarse aggregate (used for NHC)

Maximum size: 20 mm, density: 2.65 g/cm³, absorption ratio: 1.39%