Fig. 5

Crack patterns of three beam specimens: a MEM-1:5, b MEM-1:1, and c MEM-1:0. ^aThe “ESBS” means “External Surface of Bottom Slab”, where the first two letters “ES” means “External Surface,” and the last two letters “BS” means “Bottom Slab.” As to other abbreviations, the first two letters “IS” means “Internal Surface,” the last two letters “LW” and “UW” mean “Loaded Web” and “Unloaded Web,” respectively.