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Table 3 Comparison of experimental and FE load-deflection characteristics for test beams.

From: Behavior of FRP-Strengthened RC Beams with Large Rectangular Web Openings in Flexure Zones: Experimental and Numerical Study

Beam ID

Results

Py (kN)

Pu (kN)

Δy (mm)

Δu (mm)

Ks (kN/mm)

μΔ

Eu (kN·m)

Failure mode

BC-N-4PB

EXP

208

239

9.4

83.9

22.1

8.9

17,566

Y-CC

 

FE

226

238

9.4

85.7

24.2

9.1

18,208

Y-CC

 

EXP/FE

0.92

1.00

1.00

0.98

0.92

0.98

0.96

 

BC-O1-4PB

EXP

215

244

8.9

34.2

24.2

3.8

6876

Y-CC

 

FE

216

231

9.5

35.7

22.8

3.8

7179

Y-CC

 

EXP/FE

0.99

1.05

0.94

0.96

1.06

1.02

0.96

 

BC-N-CPL

EXP

180

217

7.5

76.9

24.0

10.3

15,283

Y-CC

 

FE

178

204

7.0

85.0

25.3

12.1

16,358

Y-CC

 

EXP/FE

1.01

1.06

1.07

0.90

0.95

0.85

0.93

 

BC-O1-CPL

EXP

NY

181

NY

7.0

25.8

–

766

SF-TC

 

FE

NY

172

NY

7.6

22.7

–

827

SF-TC

 

EXP/FE

–

1.05

–

0.92

1.14

–

0.93

 

BS1-O1-CPL

EXP

NY

193

NY

8.6

22.4

–

1001

DB-SF-TC

 

FE

NY

185

NY

9.1

20.3

–

1039

DB-SF-TC

 

EXP/FE

–

1.05

–

0.95

1.10

–

0.96

 

BC-O2-CPL

EXP

NY

106

NY

3.5

30.2

–

181

SF-TC

 

FE

NY

96

NY

3.9

25.0

–

211

SF-TC

 

EXP/FE

–

1.10

–

0.91

1.21

–

0.86

 

BS2-O2-CPL

EXP

NY

201

NY

6.4

31.4

–

788

BKL-FF-TC

 

FE

NY

192

NY

5.7

33.8

–

637

BKL-FF-TC

 

EXP/FE

–

1.05

–

1.13

0.93

–

1.24

 
  1. Py and Δy load and mid-span deflection at yielding of bottom steel rebars, Pu ultimate load, Δu mid-span deflection at ultimate state, Ks effective pre-yield stiffness, μΔ deflection ductility ratio = Δu/Δy, Eu energy dissipated at ultimate state, Y-CC bottom steel yielding followed by concrete crushing at mid-span, SF-TC shear failure of top chord, DB-SF-TC FRP debonding followed by shear failure of top chord, BKL-FF-TC out-of-plane buckling of steel plates followed by flexural failure of top chord, EXP experimental, FE finite element, NY no steel yielding.