An Accurate Numerical Model Simulating Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns Irrespective of Types of Loading Protocols

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials

Table 2 Characteristics of existing and proposed numerical models.

	Existing model	Proposed model
Hysteretic rule	Peak-oriented	Peak-oriented
Backbone curve	Tri-linear curve with or without a softening branch	Tri-linear curve without a softening branch
Damage rule	\(\delta\) is calculated using cumulative energy, and is updated at deformation reversal	\(\delta\) is calculated using cumulative deformation, and is updated at every analysis step