Table 2 Effect of treated WCP on compressive strength.
Ref | Treatment method | Compressive strength (MPa @ Age (% to the Ref.)) | Effect on other properties | W/C | Application type | Recommended amount of WCP in Binder | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tian, F., X.S. Xie, & W.X. Hu. Research, 2011) | Chemical treatment/1% application of activator | 12 @ 3 (− 40%) 18 @ 7 (–25%) 24 @ 28 (− 20%) | Flexural strength—Decreased | 0.4 | Cement paste | WCP (60%) + 40% OPC | Hardening agent was also used with WCP |
Liu et al., 2016) | Chemical treatment/4% alkali activator | 4.7 @ 7 (280%) 12.45 @ 28 (122%) | Effect on mineralogy—SiO2 and Ca (OH)2 diffraction peaks significantly decreased | – | Mixture paste | WCP (78%) + 10% quick lime + 8% gypsum | Use of WCP without the use of OPC |
Sui et al., 2020) | Thermal treatment from 400 ℃ to 800 ℃ | 23.71 @ 3 (− 19.38%) 33.46 @ 7 (− 27.74%) 47.71 @ 28 (–13.78%) | Effect on mineralogy—heat treated WCP added more larnite and calcium silicates in hydration reactions | O.5 | Mortar | 30% WCP (treated at 700 °C) + 70% OPC | Treatment of WCP at 700 ℃ decreased the particle size by 55% |
Qian et al., 2020) | Thermal treatment from 400 ℃ to 850 ℃ | 45.15 @ 3 (− 6.25%) 61.37 @ 7 (− 7.57%) 100.75 @ 28 (–4.76%) | Flowability: decreased Shrinkage: spontaneous shrinkage rate gradually increases | O.5 | UHPC | 25% (dehydrated cement paste treated at 750 °C) + 75% OPC | Workability, autogenous shrinkage, and durability also had negative effects with more than 25% dehydrated cement paste application |