Skip to main content

Table 3 Effect of WCP and SCMs on compressive strength.

From: A Review on Sustainable Fabrication of Futuristic Cementitious Binders Based on Application of Waste Concrete Powder, Steel Slags, and Coal Bottom Ash

Refs.

Cementitious material used

Compressive strength

(MPa @ Age

(% to the Ref.))

Effect on other properties

W/C

Application type

Recommended amount of WCP in Binder

Remarks

Aghili Lotf et al., (1970)

Silica fume

115 @ 28 (+ 6.48%)

Flowability: Decreased

0.5

Mortar

25% WCP + 10% silica fume + 65% OPC

10% and 20% application of silica fume worked equally

Quan and Kasami (2018)

GGBS, limestone

37.46 @ 7 (10%)

42.71 @ 28 (2.43%)

Drying Shrinkage—ncreased

Modulus of elasticity—decreased

0.5

Concrete

50–60% WCP + 2% GGBS and limestone + 40–50% OPC

Addition of GGBS with WCP reduces water demand

Kwon et al., (2015)

Converter slag, limestone

36.5 @ 28 (− 24%)

Flowability—decreased

0.5

Cement paste

20% WCP (thermally treated at 750 °C) + 10% slag + 10% limestone + 60% OPC

WCP also used as a fine aggregate

Cong et al., (2019)

Waste brick powder

23.1 @ 7 days (− 3.5%)

37 @ 28 days (− 11.32%)

Workability—decreased

Activity Index—increased with increasing surface area of WCP

0.5

Concrete

20% WCP + 2.2% water reducer

With the addition of water reducer, workability and strength properties could be enhanced

Mao et al., (2019)

Silica fume, steel fiber

68.5 @ 3 days (− 26.5%)

93 @ 7 days (–19%)

114 @ 28 (− 15%)

Flexural strength—ecreased

Flow—decreased

0.16

Green reactive powder concrete

30% WCP + 15% silica fume + 2% steel fiber

Steel fiber did not show significant impact on flow of the mixture

Huashan and Yujun (2021)

Fly ash

20 @ 7 days (static)

39 @ 28 days (+ 1%)

55 @ 90 days

(− 2%)

Water absorption—increased

Initial setting time—decreased

Final setting time—decreased

Flowability—decreased

0.5

Mortar

10% WCP + 40% fly ash + 50% OPC

Increasing the proportion of WCP increased the water demand

Chen et al., (2021)

Fly ash and silica fume

4.0 @ 3 days (− 2.2%)

5.1 @ 7 days (− 2.8%)

8.3 @ 28 days (+ 0.7%)

Flowability—decreased

Porosity—decreased

0.45

Paste, mortar

15% WCP + 15% fly ash and silica fume + 70% OPC

Fly ash and silica fume application decreased the unwanted pores by 9.67%

Frías et al., (2021)

Glass from C&D waste

–

Effect on minerology—after 28 d the pozzolanic reaction develop more CSH gel and Ettringite

–

Paste

5–10% OPC replacement

Microstructural analysis