Refs. | Cementitious material used | Compressive strength (MPa @ Age (% to the Ref.)) | Effect on other properties | W/C | Application type | Recommended amount of WCP in Binder | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aghili Lotf et al., (1970) | Silica fume | 115 @ 28 (+ 6.48%) | Flowability: Decreased | 0.5 | Mortar | 25% WCP + 10% silica fume + 65% OPC | 10% and 20% application of silica fume worked equally |
Quan and Kasami (2018) | GGBS, limestone | 37.46 @ 7 (10%) 42.71 @ 28 (2.43%) | Drying Shrinkage—ncreased Modulus of elasticity—decreased | 0.5 | Concrete | 50–60% WCP + 2% GGBS and limestone + 40–50% OPC | Addition of GGBS with WCP reduces water demand |
Kwon et al., (2015) | Converter slag, limestone | 36.5 @ 28 (− 24%) | Flowability—decreased | 0.5 | Cement paste | 20% WCP (thermally treated at 750 °C) + 10% slag + 10% limestone + 60% OPC | WCP also used as a fine aggregate |
Cong et al., (2019) | Waste brick powder | 23.1 @ 7 days (− 3.5%) 37 @ 28 days (− 11.32%) | Workability—decreased Activity Index—increased with increasing surface area of WCP | 0.5 | Concrete | 20% WCP + 2.2% water reducer | With the addition of water reducer, workability and strength properties could be enhanced |
Mao et al., (2019) | Silica fume, steel fiber | 68.5 @ 3 days (− 26.5%) 93 @ 7 days (–19%) 114 @ 28 (− 15%) | Flexural strength—ecreased Flow—decreased | 0.16 | Green reactive powder concrete | 30% WCP + 15% silica fume + 2% steel fiber | Steel fiber did not show significant impact on flow of the mixture |
Huashan and Yujun (2021) | Fly ash | 20 @ 7 days (static) 39 @ 28 days (+ 1%) 55 @ 90 days (− 2%) | Water absorption—increased Initial setting time—decreased Final setting time—decreased Flowability—decreased | 0.5 | Mortar | 10% WCP + 40% fly ash + 50% OPC | Increasing the proportion of WCP increased the water demand |
Chen et al., (2021) | Fly ash and silica fume | 4.0 @ 3 days (− 2.2%) 5.1 @ 7 days (− 2.8%) 8.3 @ 28 days (+ 0.7%) | Flowability—decreased Porosity—decreased | 0.45 | Paste, mortar | 15% WCP + 15% fly ash and silica fume + 70% OPC | Fly ash and silica fume application decreased the unwanted pores by 9.67% |
FrÃas et al., (2021) | Glass from C&D waste | – | Effect on minerology—after 28 d the pozzolanic reaction develop more CSH gel and Ettringite | – | Paste | 5–10% OPC replacement | Microstructural analysis |