Table 6 EAF slag application as a cementitious binder.
Ref | Treatment | Compressive strength (MPa @ Age (% to the Ref.)) | Effect on other properties | Recommended limit of EAF slag application | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rojas and Rojas (2004) | As received | _ | Expansion: presence of excessive free lime | _ | Slight pozzolanic activity with high crystallinity |
Bernardo et al., (2007) | Used as raw mix in clinker manufacturing | 27.5 @ 2 days (10%) 46.80 @ 28 days (4%) | Initial setting time— not effected Final setting time— not effected | 20% | Very low free lime in clinker |
Lee et al.,(2019) | As-received EAF slag | 26.8 @ 3 days (− 13.13%) 31.26 @ 7 days (− 16.14%) 37.93 @ 28 days (− 4.14%) | Slump—decreased Air content—decreased Tensile strength—increased | 15% | EAF slag application did not show shrinkage |
Cristelo and et al., (2021) | Alkali-activated EAF slag | 36 @ 2 days (− 34.54%) 62 @ 28 days (− 11.42%) | Not mentioned | 24–25% | EAF slag application with fly ash resulted in late age development |
Kim et al., (2015) | Reduction of EAF slag | 7.5 @ 3 days (− 6.5%) 12 @ 7 days (− 14.28%) 25 @ 28 days (− 4%) | Viscosity—decreased | 50% | Reduction of slag improved the CaO/SiO2 ratio |
Bignozzi et al., (2010) | EAS slag and MK-based geopolymer | 48.2@ 7 days | Workability—increased Flexural strength— Increased | 60% | EAF slag combination with MK is strongly suggested |
Khater (2015) | GGBFS, cement kiln dust and EAF slag-based alkali-activated geopolymer | 12.5 @ 7 days (66.7%) 14.0 @ 28 days (27.27%) 22.0 @ 90 days (83.33%) | Not mentioned | 50% | Use of EAF slag results in growth pf amorphous content in N–A–S–H gel and the binding gels C–A–S–H |