Refs. | Compressive strength (MPa @ Age (% to the Ref.)) | Effect on other properties | W/C | application type | Recommended amount of CBA | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jaturapitakkul and Cheerarot (2003) | 18.5 @ 3 (− 19%) 25.4 @ 7 (− 17%) 38.3 @ 28 (− 6%) 53.1 @ 90 (12%) | Water requirement—increased | 0.68 | Mortar | 30% of OPC | W/c ratio is different from the reference to produce the same flow |
Kurama and Kaya (2008) | 28.2 @ 7 (1.5%) 40.2 @ 28 (− 1.6%) 45.1 @ 56 (5.7%) | Flexural strength—decreased | 0.5 | Mortar | 10% of OPC | Carbon particles in CBA were removed by submerging in alcohol |
Abdulmatin et al., (2018) | 21.1 @ 3 (− 11%) 28.0 @ 7 (− 7%) 40.9 @ 28 (2%) 49.8 @ 90 (6%) | Setting time—decreased Water demand-increased | 0.65 | Mortar | 20% of OPC | Study on the effect of the fineness of CBA |
Targan et al., (2003) | 35.0 @ 7 (3%) 48.0 @ 28 (4.3%) 52.0 @ 90 (2.0%) | Setting time—increased | 0.5 | Mortar | 10% of OPC | Natural pozzolan 5% of OPC |
Wongkeo and Chaipanich (2010) | 13.5 @ 7 (22.7%) 16.0 @ 28 (28%) | Permeable void—decreased Thermal conductivity—increased | 0.29 | Mortar | 30% of OPC | 5% of silica fume; foamed mortar with aluminum powder |
Singh and Siddique (2015) | @ 90 (12.3%) @180 (2.2%) | Water absorption—increased Abrasion resistance—decreased | 0.45 | Concrete | 30% of sand | Compressive strength improvement due to pozzolanic reaction of CBA |
Aggarwal and Siddique (2014) | 19.4 @ 7 (− 24.3%) 31.8 @ 28 (-12.3%) 37.4 @ 90 (− 14.9%) 42.7 @ 1y (3.9%) | Flexural strength—decreased | 0.55 | Concrete | 15% of sand | Late age compressive strength development due to pozzolanic behavior of CBA |
Rafieizonooz et al., (2016) | 16.3 @ 7 (− 18.6%) 26.3 @ 28 (− 15.1%) 35.1 @ 90 (0.2%) | Workability—decreased Drying shrinkage—decreased | 0.55 | Mortar | 50% of sand | CBA affects the compressive strength at later age |
Hosseini et al., (2021) | 65 @ 7 (− 33.7%) | Water demand—increased | 0.34 | Geopolymer | 50% of Fly ash | CBA, fly ash, and sodium silicate were ground together for one-part mixing |
Kumar and Revathi (2016) | 35 @ 1 (700%) 57 @ 3 (612.5%) 60 @ 7 (215.8%) 75 @ 28(114.3%) | Not mentioned | 0.48 | Geopolymer mortar | 50% of metakaolin | CBA was ground and its specific surface area was 3460 cm2/g |