Fig. 10

Crack development of specimens at different loading stages. a The state of crack propagation under tension. a) Represents normal failure of a bond, b the state of crack propagation under tension (top view), c the state of peak strain under tension. a) and b) Represent the locations of main failure faces and other failure faces, respectively, d the state of triple peak strain under tension. a) and b) Represent the locations of main failure faces and other failure faces, respectively, e the state of crack propagation under compression. a) and b) Represent normal and shear failure of a bond, respectively, f the state of crack propagation under compression (top view), g the state of triple peak strain under compression (displacement vector diagram). a) Represents the main fault zones, h the state of triple peak strain under compression (Force chains diagram). a) and b) Represent the main load-transfered paths and the stress concentration zones, respectively.