Fig. 12

Displacement nephograms of numerical models at different loading stages. a Pre-peak axial displacement nephogram (tension for Group CA). The particle's color will be relatively close to blue while its tensile displacement is relatively large, b post-peak axial displacement nephogram (tension for Group CA). The particle's color will be relatively close to blue while its tensile displacement is relatively large, c pre-peak radial displacement nephogram (compression for Group CA). The particle's color will be relatively close to red while its radial displacement is relatively large (cutaway view), d post-peak radial displacement nephogram (compression for Group CA). The particle's color will be relatively close to red while its radial displacement is relatively large (cutaway view), e pre-peak axial displacement nephogram (tension for Group CB). The particle's color will be relatively close to blue while its tensile displacement is relatively large, f post-peak axial displacement nephogram (tension for Group CB). The particle's color will be relatively close to blue while its tensile displacement is relatively large, g pre-peak radial displacement nephogram (compression for Group CB). The particle's color will be relatively close to red while its radial displacement is relatively large (cutaway view), h post-peak radial displacement nephogram (compression for Group CB). The particle's color will be relatively close to red while its radial displacement is relatively large (cutaway view).