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International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials

Table 3 MPB variables accessed dynamically during cycling.

From: Simulating Tensile and Compressive Failure Process of Concrete with a User-defined Bonded-Particle Model

Variable name

Physical meaning

Approach to access

\(\Delta t\)

Timestep

Supplied by PFC\(^{3D}\)

\(v_n\)

Relative normal velocity

Supplied by PFC\(^{3D}\)

\(v_s\)

Relative shear velocity

Supplied by PFC\(^{3D}\)

\(\omega\)

Relative angular velocitya

Supplied by PFC\(^{3D}\)

\(n_i\)

Contact unit-normal vector b

Calculated by the UBM

  1. a The relative angular velocity supplied by PFC3D adopts degree measure. A conversion coefficient α is designated here for translating the degree into radian and it can be expressed as α = π/180.
  2. bNote that the contact unit-normal vector isn't supplied by PFC3D directly, so the au- thors developed a program to calculate it every certain and appropriate timesteps since the deformation of the UBM is quite slowly.
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