Table 1 NSM strengthening technique literature background.

Shear

(Mofidi et al. 2015; Ramezanpour et al. 2018; Almassri 2015; Rahal and Rumaih 2011; Kammona and Al-Issawi 2018; Hayder Hussain and Al-Issawi 2018; De Lorenzis and Nanni 2001; Breveglieri et al. 2014; Chalioris et al. 2018)

Flexural

(Zhang et al. 2017; Wu et al. 2013; Kishi et al. 2005; Hosen et al. 2014, 2016, 2017; Gopinath et al. 2016; Ghanim and Al-Abbas 2018; Franco et al. 2018; El-Hacha and Gaafar 2011; El-Gamal et al. 2014; Almusallam et al. 2013; Al-Mahmoud et al. 2010; Shukri et al. 2016; Sharaky et al. 2014; Hong et al. 2018; Noroozieh and Mansouri 2019; Seo et al. 2016; Kaya et al. 2016)

Shear and flexural

(Sharaky et al. 2017; Barros et al. 2005)

Steel wire ropes

(Yang et al. 2009; Li et al. 2018; Kim et al. 2007; Haryanto et al. 2018)

Column confinement

(Wei et al. 2018; Wei and Wu 2014)

Internal spiral stirrup

(Shatarat et al. 2016; Saha and Meesaraganda 2019; Karayannis and Chalioris 2013; Karayannis et al. 2005; Chalioris and Karayannis 2013; Hindi and Browning 2011)

Crossed inclined, diagonal or X-type steel reinforcement or FRP ropes

(Tiwary and Mohan 2015; Chalioris and Bantilas 2017; Chalioris et al. 2008)