Table 1 Effect of WCP on compressive strength.
References | Compressive strength (MPa @ Age (% to the Ref.)) | Effect on other properties | W/C | application type | Recommended amount of WCP in binder | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kamon et al., (1988) | 12 @ 3 (− 40%) 18 @ 7 (− 25%) 24 @ 28 (–20%) | Not mentioned | 0.4 | Cement paste | WCP (60%) + 40% OPC | Hardening agent was also used with WCP |
Moon et al., (2008) | 15.7 @ 3 (− 3.1%) 27.2 @ 7 (− 4.2%) 36.7 @ 28 (–2.4%) | Flow value—decreased Porosity—increased | 0.45 | Mortar | WCP (10%) + 90% OPC | Comparison b/w matrix WCP and demolished WCP |
Kim and Choi (2012) | 17 @ 7 (− 38.88%) 26 @ 28 (− 34.6%) 28 @ 56 (− 33.33%) 17.5 @ 7 (− 2.7%) 25.5 @ 28 (− 3.3%) 30 @ 56 (− 33.33%) | Flow value—decreased Viscosity—decreased Yield stress—decreased Setting time—increased | 0.55 | Mortar | 15% WCP I with fineness of 928 cm2/g + 85% OPC 15% WCP II with fineness of 1360 cm2/g + 85% OPC | WCP only acted as a nonreactive material |
Topič et al.(2017c) | 50.4 @ 28 (3.04%) 63.7 @ 287 (− 64%) 58.7 @ 409 (− 11%) | Flexural strength—decreased Dynamic Young’s modulus—decreased | 0.38 | Cement paste | 33% WCP + 67% OPC | Later age degradation in compressive strength due to presence of fewer pozzolans |
Topič et al., 2017a) | 66.7 @ 28 (− 13.04%) | Flexural strength—increased | 0.36 | Cement paste | 10% WCP + 90% OPC | Nonreactivity of WCP affected the compressive strength significantly |
Topič, et al., 2017b) | 56.9 @ 28 (− 25%) | Flexural strength—increased Dynamic Young’s modulus—decreased | 0.37 | Cement paste | 20% WCP + 80% OPC | Micro-filler effect of WCP improves the performance |
Lin et al., (2020) | 5.43 @ 3 (− 9.35%) 6.84 @ 7 (− 20.87%) 81.03 @ 28 (736%) | Apparent Density—decreased Setting time—decreased | _ | Mortar | 30% WCP + 70% OPC | Effect of cellulose ether and latex powder influenced the compressive strength and other properties |
Mehdizadeh et al., (2021) | 65.8 @ 28 (5.8%) | Flowability—decreased | 0.3 | Cement paste | 15% WCP (carbonated) + 85% OPC | Carbonation of the WCP reduced the water demand with flowability improvement |
Pešta et al., (2021) | 65.8 @ 28 (− 20%) | Density—decreased Workability—increased | 0.61 | Mortar | 10% WCP + 90% OPC | Loss of compressive strength is caused by the organic impurities present in the WCP |
Li et al., (2021) | 34.2 @ 28 (− 28%) 39 @ 28 (− 23.5%) | Workability—decreased | 0.5 | Mortar | 30% WCP + 70% OPC | Strength properties deteriorate with WCP application |