Table 6 Results analysis at cracking stage
Beam | Pcf (kN) | Change in Pcf (%) | ∆cf (mm) | Change in ∆cf (%) | Pcs (kN) | Change in Pcs (%) | ∆cs (mm) | Change in ∆cs (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group I: effect of existing opening, concrete type, replacement of traditional stirrups by WWM | ||||||||
 A1 | 19 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 41 | 0.0 | 6.61 | 0.0 |
 A2 | 17 | −10.5 | 2.5 | 47.1 | 41 | 0.0 | 9.15 | 38.4 |
 B1 | 14 | −26.3 | 2.38 | 40.0 | 40 | −2.4 | 4.95 | −25.1 |
Group II: effect of filling material type at tension side | ||||||||
 B1 | 14 | 0.0 | 2.38 | 0.0 | 40 | 0.0 | 4.95 | 0.0 |
 B2 | 15 | 7.1 | 1.51 | −36.6 | 42 | 5.0 | 4.53 | −8.5 |
 B3 | 15 | 7.1 | 0.69 | −71.0 | 41 | 2.5 | 4.41 | −10.9 |
Group III: effect of filling material type at centroid of the section | ||||||||
 C1 | 15 | 0.0 | 0.17 | 0.0 | 37 | 0.0 | 1.96 | 0.0 |
 C2 | 16 | 6.7 | 0.17 | 0.0 | 39 | 5.4 | 1.96 | 0.0 |
 C3 | 15 | 0.0 | 0.39 | 129.4 | 38 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 12.2 |
Group IV: effect of hole shape (circular in C2 and rectangular in C4) | ||||||||
 C2 | 16 | 0.0 | 0.17 | 0.0 | 39 | 0.0 | 1.96 | 0.0 |
 C4 | 22 | 37.5 | 1.72 | 911.8 | 40 | 2.6 | 3.26 | 66.3 |
Group V: effect of hole number | ||||||||
 B1 | 14 | 0.0 | 2.38 | 0.0 | 40 | 0.0 | 4.95 | 0.0 |
 D1 | 15 | 7.1 | 2.1 | −11.8 | 40 | 0.0 | 3.89 | −21.4 |
Group VI: effect of filling material type at compression side | ||||||||
 D1 | 15 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 39 | 0.0 | 3.89 | 0.0 |
 D2 | 11 | −26.7 | 2.05 | −2.4 | 45 | 15.4 | 4.55 | 17.0 |
 D3 | 11 | −26.7 | 1.89 | −10.0 | 41 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 23.4 |