Table 7 Results analysis at ultimate stage
Beam | Pu (kN) | Change in Pu (%) | ∆u (mm) | Change in ∆u (%) | ∆y (mm) | µ | Change in µ (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group I: effect of existing opening, concrete type, replacement of traditional stirrups by WWM | |||||||
 A1 | 45.12 | 0.0 | 7.6 | 0.0 | 3 | 2.53 | 0.0 |
 A2 | 41 | −9.1 | 8.9 | 17.1 | 3.05 | 2.9 | 15.3 |
 B1 | 80.44 | 78.3 | 25.14 | 230.8 | 3.5 | 7.18 | 183.8 |
Group II: effect of filling material type at tension side | |||||||
 B1 | 80.44 | 0.0 | 25.14 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 7.18 | 0.0 |
 B2 | 85.3 | 6.0 | 21.4 | −14.9 | 3.45 | 6.2 | −13.6 |
 B3 | 81.9 | 1.8 | 19.34 | -23.1 | 3.2 | 6.04 | −15.9 |
Group III: effect of filling material type at centroid of the section | |||||||
 C1 | 74.18 | 0.0 | 16.51 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 33.0 | 0.0 |
 C2 | 79.37 | 7.0 | 18.2 | 10.2 | 0.5 | 36.4 | 10.3 |
 C3 | 75.32 | 1.5 | 12.9 | −21.9 | 0.7 | 18.4 | −44.2 |
Group IV: effect of hole shape (circular in C2 and rectangular in C4) | |||||||
 C2 | 79.37 | 0.0 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 36.4 | 0.0 |
 C4 | 84.5 | 13.0 | 9.42 | −48.2 | 1.7 | 5.54 | −84.8 |
Group V: effect of hole number | |||||||
 B1 | 80.44 | 0.0 | 25.14 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 7.18 | 0.0 |
 D1 | 56.2 | −30.1 | 32.2 | 28.1 | 1.1 | 29.3 | 307.7 |
Group VI: effect of filling material type at compression side | |||||||
 D1 | 56.2 | 0.0 | 32.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 29.3 | 0.0 |
 D2 | 65 | 15.7 | 33.1 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 22.1 | −24.7 |
 D3 | 60 | 6.8 | 19.56 | −39.3 | 1.3 | 15.0 | −48.6 |