Table 2 Summary of fresh and mechanical performance of concrete with wheat straw ash (WTSA)
From: Concrete Made with Partial Substitutions of Wheat Straw Ash: A Review
References | WTSA (cement or aggregate) | Type of blend | WTSA substitution range | W/C | Optimum (WTSA) | Slump | Compression strength (MPa) 0 to optimum (WTSA) | Flexure strength (MPa) 0 to optimum (WTSA) | Split tensile strength (MPa) 0 to optimum (WTSA) | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bheel, Ibrahim, et al. (2021) | Cement | Conventional concrete | 0–20% | 0.50 | 10% | Decline | 26–29 | 5.2–6.0 | 3.0–3.5 | Slump delined and strength improved |
Bheel, Ali, et al. (2021) | Fine aggregate | Conventional concrete | 0–40% | 0.55 | 30% | Decline | 30.0–33.0 | 4.5–5.1 | 3.1–3.45 | Slump delined and strength improved |
Qudoos et al. (2020) | Cement | Composites | 0–20 g | 0.40 | 20 g | – | 60–70 | 9–9.2 | – | Strength improved |
El-Sayed, Erfan, and Abd El-Naby (2017) | Cement | Conventional concrete | 0–20% | 0.50 | 15% | Decline | 37.7–41.5 | – | – | Slump delined and strength improved |
Ahmad et al. (2021) | Cement | Self compacting concrete | 0–20% | 0.45 | 10% | Decline | 27–32 | – | 3.4–4.0 | Slump delined and strength improved |
Ahmad et al. (2019) | Cement | Conventional concrete | 0–21% | 0.49 | 14% | Decline | 27–30 | 5.0–6.0 | – | Slump delined and strength improved |
Binici et al. (2008) | Fine aggregate | Conventional concrete | 0–6% | – | 6% | Decline | 26–29 | – | - | Slump delined and strength improved |
El-Sayed et al. (2019) | Cement | Mortar | 0–20% | 0.45 | 15% | – | 50–63 | – | 4.25–5.36 | Strength improved |
Qudoos et al. (2018) | Cement | Composites | 0–30% | 0.40 | 20% | – | 63–67 | – | – | Strength improved |
Memon et al. (2021) | Fine aggregate | Conventional concrete | 0–20% | 0.50 | 5% | Increase | 23–27 | – | – | Slump increased |
Amin et al. (2019) | Cement | Conventional concrete | 0–30% | 0.48 | 15% | – | 22.3–23.2 | – | – | Strength improved |