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International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials

Table 1 Chemical compositions of binder materials (Chalee et al., 2021a, 2021b)

From: An Empirical Model to Predict Chloride Penetrations in Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash Based on 10-Year Exposure Under Marine Environment

Chemical composition (%)

Sample

Portland cement type I

Ground palm oil fuel ash (P)

Silicon dioxide, SiO2

18.1

65.3

Aluminum oxide, Al2O3

5.5

2.5

Iron oxide, Fe2O3

3.2

1.9

Calcium oxide, CaO

64.9

6.4

Magnesium oxide, MgO

1.0

3.0

Sodium oxide, Na2O

0.1

0.3

Potassium oxide, K2O

0.5

5.7

Sulfur trioxide, SO3

2.9

0.4

Loss on ignition, LOI

2.9

10.0

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